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protocolsExpert Opinion2 min read
What this means for you
The plain-language read
Most mastitis cases are caused by pathogens invading the mammary tissues from the teat end, thereby significantly impacting mammary gland health. Thus, there are no safe, effective, economical, and standardized treatment protocols for terminal teat hyperkeratosis in dairy cows. Urea ointment, salicylic acid ointment, and 5% azelaic acid acne cream exerted therapeutic or alleviating effects toward teat keratosis, whereas retinoic acid ointment demonstrated poor therapeutic efficacy.
Key findings
- Urea ointment, salicylic acid ointment, and 5% azelaic acid acne cream exerted therapeutic or alleviating effects toward teat keratosis, whereas retinoic acid ointment demonstrated poor therapeutic efficacy.
- Most mastitis cases are caused by pathogens invading the mammary tissues from the teat end, thereby significantly impacting mammary gland health.
- Thus, there are no safe, effective, economical, and standardized treatment protocols for terminal teat hyperkeratosis in dairy cows.
Practical note
Relevant if you're working with retinol, salicylic acid, azelaic acid for acne.
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What this means for your routine
retinolPM routine5%
If you're targeting acne, this research supports adding retinol to your PM routine. Effective concentration range: 5% based on this study.
salicylic_acidAM/PM routine5%
If you're targeting acne, this research supports adding salicylic_acid to your AM/PM routine. Effective concentration range: 5% based on this study.
Translated from this study's findings, not a personal prescription. Pair with your existing protocol and your practitioner's guidance.
Technical Summary, For Professional Reference
Clinical context
1. Vet Sci. 2026 Jun 24;13(7):608. doi: 10.3390/vetsci13070608. Screening and Therapeutic Efficacy of Topical Agents for Teat Hyperkeratosis in Dairy Cows. Xu L(1)(2)(3), Wang J(1)(2)(3), Wu R(4).
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Full abstract→
1. Vet Sci. 2026 Jun 24;13(7):608. doi: 10.3390/vetsci13070608. Screening and Therapeutic Efficacy of Topical Agents for Teat Hyperkeratosis in Dairy Cows. Xu L(1)(2)(3), Wang J(1)(2)(3), Wu R(4). Author information: (1)College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China. (2)China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China. (3)Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China. (4)College of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China. In dairy cows, teat keratinization occurs where keratinized tissue rings form around teat tips (opening). Manifesting as skin damage in mechanically milked dairy cows, keratinization presents as dry, rough, pale, or milky-white keratinous protrusions around teat orifices and progresses via the combined effects of mechanical stress, management practices, host genetics, environmental influences, and nutritional metabolism. The teat hole is the first physiological barrier protecting the mammary glands from external pathogen invasion. Most mastitis cases are caused by pathogens invading the mammary tissues from the teat end, thereby significantly impacting mammary gland health. Thus, there are no safe, effective, economical, and standardized treatment protocols for terminal teat hyperkeratosis in dairy cows. To address this, we treated keratinization lesions using pharmacological interventions and evaluated their efficacy in 91 cows at a large commercial dairy farm in Heilongjiang Province. Urea ointment, salicylic acid ointment, and 5% azelaic acid acne cream exerted therapeutic or alleviating effects toward teat keratosis, whereas retinoic acid ointment demonstrated poor therapeutic efficacy. In a three-daily application regimen, the optimal treating dose was 0.3 g. These findings provide a scientific basis for the clinical management of hyperkeratosis in large-scale dairy farms and the development of related veterinary therapeutics. DOI: 10.3390/vetsci13070608 PMCID: PMC13419302 PMID: 42514618 Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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